- Title : Petroleum & Gas Field Processing 09 by H.K. Abdel-Aal and Mohamed Aggour - King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, M.A Fahim Kuwait University Safat, Kuwait
- Publish : Marceld Ekkeirn, C New York Basel
- Type Document : pdf
- Release : December 2003
- Total Page : 31 page
- Size : 0.36 Mb
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Decrypted Contents
Produced Water Treatment
INTRODUCTION
Production of crude oil and natural gas is usually associated with the production of water. During the early life of the petroleum fields, water-free production of oil and gas is normally experienced. However, water will eventually be produced later. The produced water may be water that exists within the petroleum reservoir as connate water or bottom water. Alternatively, water may be produced as a result of water-flooding operations, where water is injected into the reservoir to enhance the recovery.
Water production presents serious operating, economic, and environmental problems. Production of water with the crude oil or natural gas reduces the productivity of the well due to the increased pressure losses throughout the production system. This may either result in reduced production or necessitate the installation of costly artificial lifting systems to maintain the desired production levels. Production of water also results in serious corrosion problems, which add to the cost of the operation. As discussed in the previous chapters, production of water with the crude oil or natural gas requires the use of three-phase separators, emulsion treatment, and desalting systems, which further add to the cost of the operation.
In most situations, the produced water has no value and should be disposed of. In other situations, the produced water may be used for water flooding or reservoir pressure maintenance. The produced water, collected from the separation, emulsion treatment, and desalting systems, contains hydrocarbon concentrations that are too high for environmentally safe disposal. The presence of the hydrocarbon droplets in the water makes it difficult to inject the water into disposal wells or into water-injection wells
Production of crude oil and natural gas is usually associated with the production of water. During the early life of the petroleum fields, water-free production of oil and gas is normally experienced. However, water will eventually be produced later. The produced water may be water that exists within the petroleum reservoir as connate water or bottom water. Alternatively, water may be produced as a result of water-flooding operations, where water is injected into the reservoir to enhance the recovery.
Water production presents serious operating, economic, and environmental problems. Production of water with the crude oil or natural gas reduces the productivity of the well due to the increased pressure losses throughout the production system. This may either result in reduced production or necessitate the installation of costly artificial lifting systems to maintain the desired production levels. Production of water also results in serious corrosion problems, which add to the cost of the operation. As discussed in the previous chapters, production of water with the crude oil or natural gas requires the use of three-phase separators, emulsion treatment, and desalting systems, which further add to the cost of the operation.
In most situations, the produced water has no value and should be disposed of. In other situations, the produced water may be used for water flooding or reservoir pressure maintenance. The produced water, collected from the separation, emulsion treatment, and desalting systems, contains hydrocarbon concentrations that are too high for environmentally safe disposal. The presence of the hydrocarbon droplets in the water makes it difficult to inject the water into disposal wells or into water-injection wells
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