Production Technology

• Title : Production Technology I Heriot-Watt University [ pdf ]
• Publish : Production Technologi
• Type Document : pdf 
• Release : N/A
• Total Page : 476 Page
• Size : 5.86 Mb

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Decrypted Contents

Introduction

• Limited Reservoir Pressure - in cases where the reservoir pressure is limited, it may not be feasible to achieve a significant and economic production rate from the well. In such cases it may be necessary to either assist in maintaining reservoir pressure or arrest the production decline by the use of gas or water injection for pressure maintenance or possibly system re-pressurisation.Alternatively, the use of some artificial lift technique to offset some of the vertical lift pressure requirements, allowing greater drawdown to be applied across the reservoir and thus increase the production capacity of the system, may be implemented
• Minimum Surface Pressure - on arrival at the surface, the hydrocarbon fluids are fed down a pipe line through a choke and subsequently into a processing system whereby the fluids will be separated, treated and measured. To be able to allow the fluids to be driven through this separation process and infact to provide some of the energy required for the process itself, it will be necessary to have a minimum surface pressure which will be based upon the required operating pressure for the separator. The level of separator operating pressurewill depend upon the physical difficulty in separating the phases. In many cases the mixture will be "flashed" through a series of sequential separators.

Well Completion
Historically the major proportion of production technology activities have been concerned with the engineering and installation of the down hole completion equipment. The completion string is a critical component of the production system and to be effective it must be efficiently designed, installed and maintained. Increasingly, with moves to higher reservoir pressures and more hostile development areas, the actual capital costs of the completion string has become a significant proportion of the total well cost and thus worthy of greater technical consideration and optimisation. The completion process can be split into several key areas which require to be defined including:-

• The fluids which will be used to fill the wellbore during the completion process must be identified, and this requires that the function of the fluid and the required properties be specified.
• The completion must consider and specify how the fluids will enter the wellbore from the formation i.e., whether infact the well will be open or whether a casing string will be run which will need to be subsequently perforated to allow a limited number of entry points for fluid to flow from the reservoir into the wellbore.
• The design of the completion string itself must provide the required containment capability to allow fluids to flow safely to the surface with minimal loss in pressure. In addition however, it would be crucial that the string be able to perform several other functions which may be related to safety, control,monitoring, etc. In many cases the completion must provide the capacity for reservoir management. The completion string must consider what contingencies are available in the event of changing fluid production characteristics and how minor servicing operations could be conducted for example, replacement of valves etc.

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